Hornbostel/Sachs (englisch)
The English terminology comes from Erich Maria von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs: Classification of Musical Instruments, translated from the Original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann", in: The Galpin Society Journal, Vol. 14 (March 1961), 3-29. The original German text is given in brackets under the respective entries to facilitate direct comparison and to illustrate the historical distance using the place names in the examples. To make the overview a little easier to read, classification levels 1-3 are shown in large font, and level 4 is in bold.
(Die englische Terminologie stammt aus Erich Maria von Hornbostel und Curt Sachs: Classification of Musical Instruments, translated from the Original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann, in: The Galpin Society Journal, Bd. 14 (March 1961), 3-29. Der deutsche Originaltext steht in Klammern unter den jeweiligen Einträgen, um einen direkten Vergleich zu erleichtern und anhand der Orts-Bezeichnungen bei den Beispielen den historischen Abstand zu verdeutlichen. Um die Übersicht ein wenig zu erleichtern, sind die Klassifikationsebenen 1-3 sind in großen Typen dargestellt, Gliederungsebene 4 fett.)
Classification of Musical Instruments according to Hornbostel/Sachs
Classification | Explanations | Examples |
1 IDIOPHONES | The substance of the instrument solidity and elasticity, yields the sounds, without stretched membranes |
|
11 Struck idiophones | The instrument is made to vibrate by being struck upon |
|
111 Idiophones struck directly | The player himself executes the movement of striking; whether by mechanical intermediate devices, beaters, keyboards, or by pulling ropes etc., is immaterial; it is definitive that the player can apply clearly defined individual strokes and that the instrument itself is equipped for this kind of percussion |
|
111.1 Concussion idiophones or clappers | Two or more sonorous parts are struck against each other |
|
111.11 Concussion sticks or stick clappers |
| Annam, India, Marshall Is. |
111.12 Concussion plaques or plaque clappers |
| China, India |
111.13 Concussion troughs or trough clappers |
| Burma |
111.14 Concussion vessels or vessel clappers | Even a slight hollow in the surface of a board counts as a vessel |
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111.141 Castanets | Vessel clappers, either natural, or artificially hollowed out |
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111.142 Cymbals | Vessel clappers with everted rim |
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111.2 Percussion idiophones | The instrument is struck either with a non-sonorous object (hand, stick, striker) or against a non- sonorous object (human body, the ground) |
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111.21 Percussion sticks |
|
|
111.211 (Individual) percussion sticks |
| Japan, Annam, Balkans; also the triangle |
111.212 Sets of percussion sticks | Several percussion sticks of different pitch are combined to form a single instrument | All xylophones, as long as their sounding components are not in two different planes [nicht biplan] |
111.22 Percussion plaques |
|
|
111.221 (Individual) percussion plaques |
| In the oriental Christian Church |
111.222 Sets of percussion plaques |
| Lithophone (China), and most metallophones |
111.23 Percussion tubes |
|
|
111.231 (Individual) percussion tubes |
| Slit drum, tubular bell |
111.232 Sets of percussion tubes |
| Tubaphon, tubular xylophone |
111.24 Percussion vessels |
|
|
111.241 Gongs | The vibration is strongest near the vertex |
|
111.241.1 (Individual) gongs |
| S. and E. Asia; including the so-called metal drums, or rather kettle-gongs |
111.241.2 Sets of gongs [gong chimes] |
| S.E. Asia |
111.242 Bells | The vibration is weakest near the vertex |
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111.242.1 (Individual) Bells |
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111.242.11 Resting bells | The cup is placed on the palm of the hand or a cushion; its mouth faces upwards | China, Indo-China, Japan |
111.242.12 Suspended bells | The bell is suspended from the apex |
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111.242.121 Suspended bells struck from the outside | No striker attached inside the bell, there being a separate beater |
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111.242.122 Clapper bells | A striker (clapper) is attached inside the bell |
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111.242.2 Sets of bells [chimes] (subdivided as 111.242.1) |
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112 Indirectly struck idiophones | The player himself does not go through the movement of striking; percussion results indirectly through some other movement by the player. The intention of the instrument is to yield clusters of sounds or noises, and not to let individual strokes be perceived |
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112.1 Shaken idiophones or rattles | The player executes a shaking motion |
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112.11 Suspension rattles | Perforated idiophones are mounted together, and shaken to strike against each other |
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112.111 Strung rattles | Rattling objects are strung in rows on a cord | Necklaces with rows of shells |
112.112 Stick rattles | Rattling objects are strung on a bar (or ring) | Sistrum with rings |
112.12 Frame rattles | Rattling objects are attached to a carrier against which they strike |
|
112.121 Pendant rattles | Rattling objects are hung from a frame | Dancing shield with rattling rings |
112.122 Sliding rattles | Non-sonorous objects slide to and fro in the slots of the sonorous object so that the latter is made to vibrate; or sonorous objects slide to and fro in the slots of a non- sonorous object, to be set in vibration by the impacts | Anklung, sistrum with rods (recent) |
112.13 Vessel rattles | Rattling objects enclosed in a vessel strike against each other or against the walls of the vessel, or usually against both. NB The Benue gourd rattles with handle, in which the rattling objects, instead of being enclosed, are knotted into a net slipped over the outer surface, count as a variety of vessel rattle | Fruit shells with seeds, 'pellet bells' enclosing loose percussion pellets |
112.2 Scraped idiophones | The player causes a scraping movement directly or indirectly: a non-sonorous object moves along the notched surface of a sonorous object, to be alternately lifted off the teeth and flicked against them; or an elastic sonorous object moves along the surface of a notched non- sonorous object to cause a series of impacts. This group must not be confused with that of friction idiophones |
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112.21 Scraped sticks | A notched stick is scraped with a little stick |
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112.211 Scraped sticks without resonator |
| S. America. India (notched musical bow), Congo |
112.212 Scraped sticks with resonator |
| Usumbara, E. Asia (tiger) |
112.22 Scraped tubes |
| S. India |
112.23 Scraped vessels | The corrugated surface | S. America, Congo |
112.24 Scraped wheels or cog rattles | A the handle, and a tongue fixed in turn on the handle; when whirled, teeth of the wheel one after another |
|
112.3 Split idiophones | Instruments in the nected at one end and touching at forced apart by a little stick, to jingle | China (huan t'u), Malacca, Persia |
12 Plucked idiophones | Lamellae, i.e. elastic flexed and then released to return to their position of rest |
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121 In the form of a frame | The lamella vibrates within a frame or hoop |
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121.1 Clack idiophones (cricri) | The lamella is carved in the surface of a fruit shell, which serves as resonator | Melanesia |
121.2 Guimbardes (Jews' harps) | The lamella is mounted in a rod- or plaque-shaped frame and depends on the player's mouth cavity for resonance |
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121.21 Idioglot guimbardes | The lamella is carved in the frame itself, its base remaining joined to the frame | India, Indonesia, Melanesia |
121.22 Heteroglot guimbardes | A lamella is attached to a frame |
|
121.221 (Single) heteroglot guimbardes |
| Europe, India, China |
121.222 Sets of heteroglot guimbardes | Several heteroglot guimbardes of different pitches are combined to form a single instrument | Aura |
122 In board- or comb-form | The lamellae are tied to a board or cut out from a board like the teeth of a comb |
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122.1 With laced-on lamellae |
|
|
122.11 Without resonator |
| All sansas on a plain board |
122.12 With resonator |
| All sansas with a box or bowl below the board |
122.2 With cut-out lamellae (musical boxes) | Pins on a cylinder pluck the lamellae Europe | Europe |
13 Friction Idiophones | The instrument is made to vibrate by friction |
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131 Friction sticks |
|
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131.1 (Individual) friction sticks |
| Unknown |
131.2 Sets of friction sticks |
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131.21 With direct friction | The sticks themselves are rubbed | Nail fiddle, nail piano, Stockspiele |
131.22 With indirect friction | The sticks are connected with others which are rubbed and, by transmitting their longitudinal vibration, stimulate transverse vibration in the former | Chladni's euphon |
132 Friction plaques |
|
|
132.1 (Individual) friction plaques |
| Unknown |
132.2 Sets of friction plaques [livika] |
| New Ireland |
133 Friction vessels |
|
|
133.1 (Individual) friction vessels |
| Brazil (tortoise shell) |
133.2 Sets of friction vessels |
| Verillon (glass harmonica) |
14 Blown idiophones | The instrument is made to vibrate by being blown upon |
|
141 Blown sticks |
|
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141.1 (Individual) blown sticks |
| Unknown |
141.2 Sets of blown sticks |
| Aeolsklavier |
142 Blown plaques |
|
|
142.1 (Individual) blown plaques |
| Unknown |
142.2 Sets of blown plaques |
| Piano chanteur |
Suffixes for use with any division of this class (idiophones): -8 with keyboard -9 mechanically driven
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2 MEMBRANOPHONES | The sound is excited by tightly-stretched membranes |
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21 Struck drums | The membranes are struck |
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211 Drums struck directly | The player himself executes the movement striking; this includes striking by any intermediate devices, such as beaters, keyboards, etc.; drums that are shaken are excluded |
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211.1 Kettle drums (timpani) | The body is bowl- or dish-shaped |
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211.11 (Separate) kettle drums |
| European timpani |
211.12 Sets of kettle drums |
| W. Asian permanently joined pairs of kettle drums |
211.2 Tubular drums | The body is tubular |
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211.21 Cylindrical drums | The diameter is the same at the middle and the ends; whether or not the ends taper or have projecting disks, is immaterial |
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211.211 Single-skin cylindrical drums | The drum has only one usable membrane. In some African drums a second skin forms part of the lacing device and is not used for beating, and hence does not count as a membrane in the present sense |
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211.211.1 Open cylindrical drums | The end opposite from the membrane is open | Malacca |
211.211.2 Closed cylindrical drums | The end opposite of the membrane is closed | West Indies |
211.212 Double-skin cylindrical drums | The drum has two usable membranes |
|
211.212.1 (Individual) cylindrical drums |
| Europe (side drum) |
211.212.2 Sets of cylindrical drums |
|
|
211.22 Barrel-shaped drums * | The diameter is larger at the middle than at the ends; the body is curvilinear | Asia, Africa, Ancient Mexico |
211.23 Double-conical drums * | The diameter is larger at the middle than at the ends; the body is rectilinear with angular profile | India (mrdanga, banya, pakhavaja) |
211.24 Hourglass-shaped drums * | The diameter is smaller at the middle than at the ends | Asia, Melanesia, E. Africa |
211.25 Conical drums * | The diameters at the ends differ considerably; minor departures from conicity, inevitably met, are disregarded here | India |
211.26 Goblet-shaped drums * | The body consists of a main section which is either cup-shaped or cylindrical, with a slender stem; borderline cases of this basic design like those occurring notably in Indonesia, do not affect the identification, so long as a cylindrical form is not in fact reached | Darabuka |
211.3 Frame drums | The depth of the body does not exceed the radius of the membrane. NB The European side-drum, even in its most shallow form, is a development from the long cylindrical drum and hence is not included among frame drums |
|
211.31 Frame drums (without handle) |
|
|
211.311 Single-skin frame drums |
| Tambourine |
211.312 Double-skin frame drums |
| N. Africa |
211.32 Frame drum with handle | A stick is attached to the frame in line with its diameter |
|
211.321 Single-skin frame drums with handle |
| Eskimo |
211.322 Double-skin frame drums with handle |
| Tibet |
212 Rattle drums | The drum is shaken; percussion is by impact of pendant or enclosed pellets, or similar objects | India, Tibet |
22 Plucked drums | A string is knotted below the centre of the membrane; when the string is plucked, its vibrations are transmitted to the membrane | India (gopi yantra, anandalahari) |
23 Friction drums | The membrane is made to vibrate by friction |
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231 Friction drums with stick | A stick in contact with the membrane is either itself rubbed, or is employed to rub the membrane |
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231.1 With inserted stick | The stick passes through a hole in the membrane |
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231.11 Friction drums with fixed stick | The stick cannot be moved; the stick alone is subjected to friction by rubbing | Africa |
231.12 Friction drums with semi-fixed stick | The stick is movable to a sufficient extent to rub the membrane when it is itself rubbed by the hand | Africa |
231.13 Friction drums with free stick | The stick can be moved freely; it is not itself rubbed, but is employed to rub the membrane | Venezuela |
231.2 With tied stick | The stick is tied to the membrane in an upright position | Europe |
232 Friction drum with cord | A cord, attached to the membrane, is rubbed |
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232.1 Stationary friction drum with cord | The drum is held stationary | Europe, Africa |
232.11 Single-skin stationary drums with friction-cord |
|
|
232.12 Double-skin stationary drums with friction-cord |
|
|
232.2 Friction drum with whirling stick | The drum is whirled on a cord which rubs on e [resined] notch in the holding stick | Waldteufel [cardboard buzzer] (Europe, India, E. Africa) |
233 Hand friction drums | The membrane is rubbed by the hand |
|
24 Singing membranes (Kazoos) | The membrane is made to vibrate by speaking or singing into it; the membrane does not yield a note of its own but merely modifies the voice | Europe, W. Africa |
241 Free kazoos | The membrane is incited directly, without the wind first passing through a chamber | Comb-and-paper |
242 Tube- or vessel-kazoos | The membrane is placed inside a tobe or box | Africa; while also, E. Asian flutes with a lateral hole sealed by a membrane, exhibit an adulteration with the principle of the tube kazoo |
Suffixes for use with any division of this class (membranophones): -6 with membrane glued to drum -7 with membrane nailed to drum -8 with membrane laced to drum |
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|
-81 Cord-(ribbon-) bracing | The cords are stretched from membrane to membrane or arranged in the form of a net, without employing any of the devices described below |
|
-811 Without special devices for stretching |
| Everywhere |
-812 With tension ligature | Cross ribbons or cords are tied round the middle of the lacing to increase its tension | Ceylon |
-813 With tension loops | The cords are laced in a zigzag; every pair of strings is caught together with a small ring or loop | India |
-814 With wedge-bracing | Wedges are inserted between the wall of the drum and the cords of the lacing; by adjusting the position of the wedges it is possible to control the tension | India, Indonesia, Africa |
-82 Cord-and-hide bracing | The cords are laced at the lower end to a non-sonorous piece of hide | Africa |
-83 Cord-and-board bracing | The cords are laced to an auxiliary board at the lower end | Sumatra |
-84 Cord-and-flange bracing | The cords are laced at the lower end to a flange carved from the solid | Africa |
-85 Cord-and-belt bracing | The cords are laced at the lower end to a belt of different material | India |
-86 Cord-and-peg bracing | The cords are stuck into the wall of the drum | Africa |
-9 With membrane lapped on | A ring is slipped over the edge of the membrane |
|
-91 With membrane lapped on by ring of cord |
| Africa |
-92 With membrane lapped on by a hoop |
|
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-921 Without mechanism |
| European drum |
-922 With mechanism |
|
|
-9221 Without pedal |
| Machine timpani |
-9222 With pedals
|
| Pedal timpani |
3 CHORDOPHONES | One or more strings are stretched between fixed points |
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31 Simple chordophones or zithers | The instrument consists solely of a string bearer, or of a string bearer with a resonator which is not integral and can be detached without destroying the sound-producing apparatus |
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311 Bar zithers | The string bearer is bar-shaped; it may be a board placed edgewise |
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311.1 Musical bows | The string bearer is flexible (and curved) |
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311.11 Idiochord musical bows | The string is cut from the bark of the cane, remaining attached at each end |
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311.111 Mono-idiochord musical bows | The bow has one idiochord string only | New Guinea (Sepik R.), Togo |
311.112 Poly-idiochord musical bows or harp-bows | The bow has several idiochord strings which pass over a toothed stick or bridge | W. Africa (Fan) |
311.12 Heterochord musical bows | The string is of separate material from the bearer |
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311.121 Mono-heterochord musical bows | The bow has one heterochord string only |
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311.121.1 Without resonator | NB If a separate, unattached resonator is used, the specimen belongs to 311.121.21. The human mouth is not to be taken into account as a resonator |
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311.121.11 Without tuning noose |
| Africa (ganza, samuius, to) |
311.121.12 with tuning noose | A fibre noose is passed round the string, dividing it into two sections | South-equatorial Africa (n'kungo, uta) |
311.121.2 With resonator |
|
|
311.121.21 With independent resonator |
| Borneo (busoi) |
311.121.22 With resonator attached |
|
|
311.121.221 Without tuning noose |
| S. Africa (hade, thomo) |
311.121.222 With tuning noose |
| S. Africa, Madagascar (gubo, hungo, bobre) |
311.122 Poly-heterochord musical bows | The bow has several hetero- chord strings |
|
311.122.1 Without tuning noose |
| Oceania (kalove) |
311.122.2 With tuning noose |
| Oceania (pagolo). |
311.2 Stick zithers | The string carrier is rigid |
|
311.21 Musical bow cum stick | The string bearer has one flexible, curved end. NB Stick zithers with both ends flexible and curved, like the Basuto bow, are counted as musical bows | India |
311.22 (True) stick zithers | NB Round sticks which happen to be hollow by chance do not belong on this account to the tube zithers, but are round-bar zithers; however, instruments in which tubular cavity is employed as a true resonator, like the modern Mexican harpa, are tube zithers |
|
311.221 With one resonator gourd |
| India (tuila), Celebes (suleppe) |
311.222 With several resonator gourds |
| India (vina) |
312 Tube zithers | The string bearer is a vaulted surface |
|
312.1 Whole-tube zithers | The string carrier is a complete tube |
|
312.11 Idiochord (true) tube zithers |
| Africa and Indonesia (gonra, togo, valiha) |
312.12 Heterochord (true) tube zithers |
|
|
312.121 Without extra resonator |
| S.E. India (alligator) |
312.122 With extra resonator | An internode length of bamboo is placed inside a palm leaf tied in the shape of a bowl | Timor |
312.2 Half-tube zithers | The strings are stretched along the convex surface of a gutter |
|
312.21 Idiochord half-tube zithers |
| Flores |
312.22 Heterochord half-tube zithers |
| E. Asia (k'in, koto) |
313 Raft zithers | The string bearer is composed of canes tied together in the manner of a raft |
|
313.1 Idiochord raft zithers |
| India, Upper Guinea, Central Congo |
313.2 Heterochord raft zithers |
| N. Nyasa region |
314 Board zithers | The string bearer is a board; the ground too is to counted as such |
|
314.1 True board zithers | The plane of the strings is parallel with that of the string bearer |
|
314.11 Without resonator |
| Borneo |
314.12 With resonator |
|
|
314.121 With resonator bowl | The resonator is a fruit shell or a similar object, or an artificially carved equivalent | Nyasa region |
314.122 With resonator box (box zither) | The resonator is made from slats | Zither, Hackbrett, pianoforte. |
314.2 Board zither variations | The plane of the strings is at right angles to the string bearer |
|
314.21 Ground zithers | The ground is the string bearer; there is only one sring | Malacca, Madagascar |
314.22 Harp zithers | A board serves as string bearer; there are several strings and a notched bridge | Borneo |
315 Trough zithers | The strings are stretched across the mouth of a trough | Tanganyika |
315.1 Without resonator |
|
|
315.2 With resonator | The trough has a gourd or a similar object attached to it |
|
316 Frame zither | The strings are stretched across an open frame |
|
316.1 Without resonator |
| Perhaps amongst medieval psalteries |
316.2 With resonator |
| W. Africa, amongst the Kru (kani) |
32 Composite chordophones | A string bearer and a resonator are organically united and cannot be separated without destroying the instrument |
|
321 Lutes | The plane of the strings runs parallel with the sound-table |
|
321.1 Bow lutes [pluriarc] | Each string has its own flexible carrier | Africa (akam, kalangu, wambi) |
321.2 Yoke lutes or lyres | The strings are attached to a yoke which in the same plane as the sound-table and consists of two arms and a cross-bar |
|
321.21 Bowl lyres | A natural or carved-out bowl serves as the resonator | Lyra, E. African lyre |
321.22 Box lyres | A built-up wooden box serves as the resonator | Cithara, crwth |
321.3 Handle lutes | The string bearer is a plain handle. Subsidiary necks, as e.g. in the Indian prasarini vina are disregarded, as are also lutes with strings distributed over several necks, like the harpolyre, and those like the Lyre-guitars, in which the yoke is merely ornamental |
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321.31 Spike lutes | The handle passes diametrically through the resonator |
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321.311 Spike bowl lutes | The resonator consists of a natural or carved-out bowl | Persia, India, Indonesia |
321.312 Spike box lutes or spike guitars | The resonator is built up from wood | Egypt (rebab) |
321.313 Spike tube lutes | The handle passes diametrically through the walls of a tube | China, Indochina |
321.32 Necked lutes | The handle is attached to or carved from the resonator, like a neck |
|
321.321 Necked bowl lutes |
| Mandoline, theorbo, balalaika |
321.322 Necked box lutes or necked guitars | NB Lutes whose body is built up in the shape of a bowl are classified as bowl lutes | Violin, viol, guitar |
322 Harps | The plane of the strings lies at right angles to the sound-table; a line joining the lower ends of the strings would point towards the neck |
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322.1 Open harps | The harp has no pillar |
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322.11 Arched haps | The neck curves away from the resonator | Burma and Africa |
322.12 Angular harps | The neck makes a sharp angle with the resonator | Assyria, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Korea |
322.2 Frame harps | The harp has a pillar |
|
322.21 Without tuning action |
| All medieval harps |
322.211 Diatonic frame harps |
|
|
322.212 Chromatic frame harps |
|
|
322.212.1 With the strings in one plane |
| Most of the older chromatic harps |
322.212.2 With the strings in two planes crossing one another |
| The Lyon chromatic harp |
322.22 With tuning action | The strings can be shortened by mechanical action |
|
322.221 With manual action | The tuning can be altered by hand-levers | Hook harp, dital harp, harpinella |
322.222 With pedal action | The tuning can be altered by pedals |
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323 Harp lutes | The plane of the strings lies at right angles to the sound-table; a line joining the lower ends of the strings would be perpendicular to the neck. Notched bridge | W. Africa (kasso, etc.) |
Suffixes for use with any division of this class (chordophones): -4 sounded by hammers or beaters -5 sounded with the bare fingers -6 sounded by plectrum -7 sounded by bowing -71 with a bow -72 by a wheel -73 by a ribbon [Band] -8 with keyboard -9 with mechanical drive
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4 AEROPHONES | The air itself is the vibrator in the primary sense |
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41 Free aerophones | The vibrating air is not confined by the instrument |
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411 Displacement free aerophones | The air-stream meets a sharp edge, or a sharp edge is moved through the air. In either case, according to more recent views, a periodic displacement of air occurs to alternate flanks of the edge | Whip, sword-blade |
412 Interruptive free aerophones | The air-stream is interrupted periodically |
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412.1 Idiophonic interruptive aerophones or reeds | The air-stream is directed against a lamella, setting it in periodic vibration to interrupt the stream intermittently. In this group also belong reeds with a 'cover', i.e. a tube in which the air vibrates only in a secondary sense, not producing the sound but simply adding roundness and timbre to the sound made by the reed's vibration; generally recognizable by the absence of fingerholes | Organ reed stops |
412.11 Concussion reeds | Two lamellae make a gap which closes periodically during their vibration | A split grass-blade |
412.12 Percussion reeds | A single lamella strikes against a frame |
|
412.121 Individual percussion reeds |
| Brit. Columbia |
412.122 Sets of percussion reeds |
| The earlier reed stops of organs |
412.13 Free reeds | The lamella vibrates through a closely-fitting slot |
|
412.131 (Individual) free reeds |
| Single-note motor horn |
412.132 Sets of free reeds | NB In instruments like the Chinese sheng the fmgerholes do not serve to modify the pitch and are therefore not equivalent to the fingerholes of other pipes | Reed organ, mouthorgan, accordion |
412.14 Ribbon reeds | The air-stream is directed against the edge of a stretched band or ribbon. The acoustics of this process has not yet been studied | Brit. Columbia |
412.2 Non-idiophonic interruptive instruments | The interruptive agent is not a reed |
|
412.21 Rotating aerophones | The interruptive agent rotates in its own plane | Sirens |
412.22 Whirling aerophones | The interruptive agent turns on its axis | Bull-roarer, whirring disc, vantilating fan |
413 Plosive aerophones | The air is made to vibrate by a single density stimulus condensation shock | Pop guns |
42 Wind instruments proper | The vibrating air is confined within the instrument itself |
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421 Edge instruments or flutes | A narrow stream of air is directed against an edge |
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421.1 Flutes without duct | The player himself creates a ribbon-shaped stream of air with his lips |
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421.11 End-blown flutes | The player blows against the sharp rim at the upper open end of a tube |
|
421.111 (Single) end-blown flutes |
|
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421.111.1 Open single end-blown flutes | The lower end of the flute is open |
|
421.111.11 Without fingerholes |
| Bengal |
421.111.12 With fingerholes |
| Almost world-wide |
421.111.2 Stopped single end-blown flutes | The lower end of the flute is closed |
|
421.111.21 Without fingerholes |
| The bore of a key |
421.111.22 With fingerholes |
| Especially New Guinea |
421.112 Sets of end-blown flutes or panpipes | Several end-blown flutes of different pitch are combined to form a single instrument |
|
421.112.1 Open panpipes |
|
|
421.112.11 Open (raft) panpipes | The pipes are tied together in the form of a board, or they are made by drilling tubes in a board | China |
421.112.12 Open bundle (pan-) pipes | The pipes are tied together in a round bundle | Solomon Is., New Britain, New Ireland, Admiralty Is. |
421.112.2 Stopped panpipes |
| Europe, S. America |
421.112.3 Mixed open and stopped panpipes |
| Solomon Is., S. America |
421.12 Side-blown flutes | The player blows against the sharp rim of hole in the side of the tube |
|
421.121 (Single) side-blown flutes |
|
|
421.121.1 Open side-blown flutes |
|
|
421.121.11 Without fingerholes |
| SW.-Timor |
421.121.12 With fingerholes |
| European flute |
421.121.2 Partly-stopped side-blown flutes | The lower end of the tube is a natural node of the pipe pierced by a small hole | N.W. Borneo |
421.121.3 Stopped side-blown flutes |
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421.121.31 Without fingerholes |
|
|
421.121.311 With fixed stopped lower end |
| Apparently non-existent |
421.121.312 With adjustable stopped lower end (piston flutes) |
| Malacca, New Guinea |
421.121.32 With fingerholes |
| E. Bengal, Malacca |
421.122 Sets of side-blown flutes |
|
|
421.122.1 Sets of open side-blown flutes |
| Chamber flute orum |
421.122.2 Sets of stopped side-blown flutes |
| N.W. Brazil (among the Siusi) |
421.13 Vessel flutes (without distinct beak) | The body of the pipe is not tubular but vessel-shaped | Brazil (Karaja), Lower Congo (Bafiote) |
421.2 Flutes with duct or duct flutes | A narrow duct directs the air-stream against the sharp edge of a lateral orifice |
|
421.21 Flutes with external duct | The duct is outside the wall of the flute. |
|
421.211 (Single) flutes with external duct |
|
|
421.211.1 Open flutes with external duct |
|
|
421.211.11 Without fingerholes |
| China, Borneo |
421.211.12 With fingerholes |
| Indonesia |
421.211.2 Partly-stopped flutes with external duct |
| Malacca |
421.211.3 Stopped flutes with external duct |
|
|
421.212 Sets of flutes with external duct |
| Tibet |
421.22 Flutes with internal duct | The duct is inside the tube. This group includes flutes with the duct formed by an internal baffle (natural node, block of resin) and an exterior tied-on cover (can, wood, hide) |
|
421.221 (Single) flutes with internal duct |
|
|
421.221.1 Open flutes with internal duct |
|
|
421.221.11 Without fingerholes |
| European signalling whistle |
421.221.12 With fingerholes |
| Recorder |
421.221.2 Partly-stopped flute with internal duct |
| India and Indonesia |
421.221.3 Stopped flutes with internal duct |
|
|
421.221.31 Without fingerholes |
|
|
421.221.311 With fixed stopped lower end |
| European signalling whistle |
421.221.312 With adjustable stopped lower end |
| Piston pipes [swannee whistle] |
421.221.4 Vessel flutes with duct |
|
|
421.221.41 Without fingerholes |
| Zoomorphic pottery whistles (Europe, Asia) |
421.221.42 With fingerholes |
| Ocarina |
421.222 Sets of flutes with internal duct |
|
|
421.221.1 Sets of open flutes with internal duct |
|
|
421.222.11 Without fingerholes |
| Open flute stops of the organ |
421.222.12 With fingerholes |
| Double flageolet |
421.222.2 Sets of partly-stopped flutes with internal duct |
| Rohrflöte stops of the organ |
421.222.3 Sets of stopped flutes with internal duct |
| flute stops of the organ |
422 Reedpipes | The air-stream has, through means of two lamellae placed at the head of the instrument, intermittent access to the column of air which is to be made to vibrate |
|
422.1 Oboes | The pipe has a [double] reed of concussion lamellae (usually a flattened stem) |
|
422.11 (Single) oboes |
|
|
422.111 With cylindrical bore |
|
|
422.111.1 Without fingerholes |
| Brit. Columbia |
422.111.2 With fingerholes |
| Aulos, crumhorn |
422.112 With conical bore |
| European oboe |
422.12 Sets of oboes |
|
|
422.121 With cylindrical bore |
| Double aulos |
422.122 With conical bore |
| India |
422.2 Clarinets | he pipe has a [single] 'reed' consisting of a percussion lamella |
|
422.21 (Single) clarinets |
|
|
422.211 With cylindrical bore |
|
|
422.211.1 Without fingerholes |
| Brit. Columbia |
422.211.2 With fingerholes |
| European clarinet |
422.212 With conical bore |
| Saxophone |
422.22 Sets of clarinets |
| Egypt (zummara) |
422.3 Reedpipes with free reeds | The reed vibrates through [at] a closely-fitted frame. There must be fingerholes, otherwise the instrument belongs to the free reeds 412.13 | S.E. Asia |
422.31 Single pipes with free reed |
|
|
422.32 Double pipes with free reeds |
|
|
423 Trumpets | The air-stream passes through the player's vibrating lips, so gaining intermittant access to the air column which is to be made to vibrate |
|
423.1 Natural trumpets | Without extra devices to alter pitch |
|
423.11 Conches | A conch shell serves as trumpet |
|
423.111 End-blown |
|
|
423.111.1 Without mouthpiece |
| India |
423.111.2 With mouthpiece |
| Japan (rappakai) |
423.112 Side-blown |
| Oceania |
423.12 Tubular trumpets |
|
|
423.121 End-blown trumpets | The mouth-hole faces the axis of the trumpet |
|
423.121.1 End-blown straight trumpets | The tube is neither curved nor folded |
|
423.121.11 Without mouthpiece |
| Some alphorns |
423.121.12 With mouthpiece |
| Almost world-wide |
423.121.2 End-blown horns | The tube is curved or folded |
|
423.121.21 Without mouthpiece |
| Asia |
423.121.22 With mouthpiece |
| Lurs |
423.122 Side-blown trumpets | The embouchure is in the side of the tube |
|
423.122.1 Side-blown straight trumpets |
| S. America |
423.122.2 Side-blown horns |
| Africa |
423.2 Chromatic trumpets | With extra devices to modify the pitch |
|
423.21 Trumpets with fingerholes |
| Cornetti, key bugles |
423.22 Slide trumpets | The tube can be lengthened by extending a telescopic section of the instrument | European trombone |
423.23 Trumpets with valves | The tube is lengthened or shortened by connecting or disconnecting auxiliary lengths of tube | Europe |
423.231 Valve bugles | The tube is conical throughout |
|
423.232 Valve horns | The tube is predominantly conical |
|
423.233 Valve trumpets | The tube is predominantly cylindrical |
|
Suffixes for use with any division of this class (aerophones): -6 with air reservoir -61 with rigid air reservoir -62 with flexible air reservoir -7 with fingerhole stopping -71 with keys -72 with Bandmechanik [presumably a perforated roll or ribbon] -8 with keyboard -9 with mechanical drive |
|
|
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Literatur
Erich Moritz von Hornbostel und Curt Sachs: Systematik der Musikinstrumente. Ein Versuch. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 46/4 und 5 (1914): 553–590.
Erich Maria von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs: Classification of Musical Instruments, translated from the Original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann", in: The Galpin Society Journal, Vol. 14 (March 1961), 3-29.
Carlos Alberto G. Coba Andrade: Instrumentos musicales populares registrados en el Ecuador, Otavalo: Instituto Otavaleño de Antropología 1981, 29-72.



